Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 Essay Example

Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 Essay Reading Worksheet 1: Read the extract Applied Linguistics: An emerging discipline for the twenty-first century in your reading packs and answers the following questions: 1. On the basis of the information provided by Grabe, complete the following chart. Which conclusions can you draw regarding the scope of Applied Linguistics? Decade |Focus of Applied Linguistics | | |Insights of structural and functional linguistics that could be applied to language teaching and | |1950s |literacy in first and second language. | |Language assessment, language policies and second language acquisition ( focused on learning rather | |1960s |than teaching) | | |Real world problems rather than theoretical explorations: Language assessment, second language | |1970s |acquisition, literacy, multilingualism, language minority rights language planning and policy and | | |teacher training. Language teaching remains important. | | |Incorporation of many subfields beyond language teaching and language learning such as: language | |1980s |assessment, language policy and planning, language use in professional settings, translation, | | |lexicography, multilingualism, language and technology and corpus linguistics. | |Incorporation of more subfields and drawing on supporting disciplines: Psychology, education, | |1990s |anthropology, sociology, political science, policy studies, administration studies, English studies ( | | |rhetoric, composition, literacy) | 2. What is the central issue in Applied Linguistics? Has it changed in the same way as its scope? In a very general point of view, applied linguistics is focused on language-related real-life problems; but it hasn’t always been this way, back in the 50s, applied linguistics focused mainly in second and first language teaching and then it began to emerge as a genuine problem-solving enterprise. Late in the 90’s, applied linguistics led into the theoretical and empirical investigation of real world problems in which language is a central issue. So, upon the course of years, applied linguistics has developed into a more practical use of this one. 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Why is Generative Linguistics not dominant in Applied Linguistics? Which are the competing approaches for linguistic analysis that are growing recognition, instead? Why are they preferred to the generative approach? 4. Why is interdisciplinary a defining aspect of Applied Linguistics nowadays? Because applied linguistics uses methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields; it has acknowledge about other fields a part from linguistics and it crosses a wide range of settings follow. 5. Why do some scholars claim that Applied Linguistics is not a discipline? What is the author’s point of view? Why? Because they do believe that applied linguistics is too broad and fragmented that it demands expert knowledge in too many fields and that doesn’t have a set of unifying research paradigms. The author believes that applied linguistics can be considered a discipline much in the way that many other disciplines are defined. He explains that as several other new relatively new disciplines in academic institutions, applied linguistics has its core and periphery which can blur into other disciplines that can or not be allied with it. Read the extract An Overview of Applied Linguistics in your reading pack and answer the following questions: 1. How many different areas within AL are listed in the chapter? Which is the dominant one? 2. What is Authorship identification? 3. What is the Grammar-translation method? What is the Direct method? Which are the main problems with those methods? How long did they last? 4. When and why did Audiolingualism emerge? Was it successful? Why? 5. What replaced Behaviourism? Why? 6. What is the main argument for linguistic nativism? 7. What is communicative competence? 8. Describe the main focus of communicative language teaching. In which particular aspects of language use is it useful? Which is the main problem with this approach? What replaced it? 9. In which way(s) has computing technology provided useful insights in language description? 10. Why isn’t Chomsky’s notion of competence a proper object of study for Sociolinguistics?

Definition and Examples of Aphesis

Definition and Examples of Aphesis Aphesis is the gradual loss of a short unstressed vowel at the beginning of a word. Adjective: aphetic. Aphesis is commonly regarded as a type of aphaeresis. Compare with apocope and syncope. The opposite of aphesis is prothesis. Generally speaking, aphesis is more common in everyday speech than in formal varieties of spoken and written English. Nonetheless, many aphetic word forms have entered the vocabulary of Standard English. In International English Usage (2005), Todd and Hancock observe that while clipping tends to be rapid and usually applies to the loss of more than one syllable,  aphesis is thought to be a gradual process.   See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AphaeresisClippingEllipsisMetaplasmSound Change EtymologyFrom the Greek, to let go Examples and Observations Cute is an aphetic form of acute; longshore is the truncated form of alongshore. This explains the American usage longshoreman for our [Australian] stevedore. Stevedore is itself an aphetic adaptation of the Spanish estivador, which derives from estivar: to stow a cargo.Likewise, sample is an aphetic form of example; backward is an aphetic form of abackward; and vanguard was once avauntguard, from which avant-garde also derives.Ninny is an aphetic and abbreviated form of an innocent. More recently, we have squire from esquire, specially for especially. In the language of the law, several ambiguous forms survive: vow and avow; void and avoid.(Julian Burnside, Word Watching. Thunders Mouth Press, 2004)The Aphetic  Way as an Intensifier- [As an adverb and intensifier] way is an aphetic form of away; it used to be printed way with an apostrophe, but is rarely so today. It means a great distance or all the way, as in We were way off the mark and We went way to the end of the trolley lin e. Some dictionaries consider this adverbial way colloquial, and indeed it often has a conversational or informal tone, but others consider it appropriate for use at all levels except the most formal or oratorical. It also frequently functions conversationally as an intensifier, as in She was way underprepared for the assignment and the student slang exclamations Way out! Way cool! and the like.(Kenneth G. Wilson,  The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993)- I was tired- way tired. I had been on the road- on the run- I dont know- several weeks- a long time.(Andrew Klavan, The Long Way Home. Thomas Nelson, 2010)-  Im really  way too lazy  to try to locate all those ingredients.(Sarah Mlynowski,  Frogs and French Kisses. Delacorte, 2006)-  Ã‚  The widespread, if witless, use of way to mean much or far, very or especially reveals how people favor simplicity over precision, easiness over elegance, popularity over individuality. Its unac ceptable to use this sense of way in your writing, and its unbecoming in your speaking.(Robert Hartwell Fiske,  Robert Hartwell Fiskes Dictionary of Unendurable English. Scribner, 2011) An Aphetic Verbal DoppelgangerDavid Brinkley welcomed Vice President Al Gore on his Sunday morning ABC program with a cordial Thank you for coming. Mr. Goreas so many guests now doanswered with the aphetic thank you with a slight emphasis on the you.Youre welcome used to be the standard response to thank you, writes Daniel Kocan of Orlando, Fla. Now thank you is the stock response to thank you. Since when, and why? Can you explain this recent doppelganger phenomenon?First to doppelganger: this is from the German for the ghostly double of a living person, and is an apt description of the returned thank you. Next to the aphetic, or shortening of words or phrases by the elimination of the unstressed word or syllable: the I is lost in I thank you.(William Safire, On Language: Let Er Rip. The New York Times, November 28, 1993) Pronunciation: AFF-i-sis Also Known As: aphaeresis, apherisis

Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Macbeth - Essay Example "The tragic hero has tragic flaw, on hamartia that is the cause of his downfall† and â€Å"The tragic hero has a hubris surrounding him, a person or thing that sets the stage for his fall. It will include all of the conditions that will cause the tragic hero to fail.† (Is Utena a Tragic Hero?). Shakespeare created his tragic heroes after Aristotle’s concept of the tragic hero and each of his tragic heroes had their own tragic flaws: in Hamlet it was procrastination, in Othello it was over credulousness and in Macbeth it is his vaulting ambition which motivates him to commit a series of murders that ultimately leads to his downfall. Now the question is whether his tragedy was a result of fate by outside factors, namely fate in the form of the three witches or was it a result of his own actions. There is no doubt that the vaulting ambition was prevalent in his inner psyche; it is stirred by the prophesy of the three witches and it is this inner urge in him that make s Lady Macbeth to influence and manipulate him to murder Duncan, the king of Scotland which ultimately brought his downfall. Thus, it is evident that Macbeth is really a tragic hero who has heroic and noble qualities, which are relegated in to the backdrop because of his vaulting ambition and pursuit of power. From the very out set of the play, the attention of the audience is arrested with the emergence of the three witches. One feels sympathy, instead of hatred, for the plight of Macbeth, as it is sure from his nature that he wouldn’t have committed the series of murders including that of the king Duncan, had it not been for the prophesy of the witches and the constant temptation from his wife Lady Macbeth. The three greetings made by the three witches in Act 1, scene 111, confuses Macbeth and when he finds that the second prophesy, that of becoming the Thane of Cawdor, is also fulfilled, it is natural for him to dream of the fulfillment of the third prophesy- that of becoming the king of