Black Codes Essay Example for Free

Black Codes Essay ‘Black~Codes’ were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex~Confederate states following the Civil War that sought to restrict the liberties of newly freed sIaves, to ensure a supply of inexpensive agriculturaI Iabor; and maintain a white dominated hierarchy. However; the history of Black Codes did not begin wIth the coIIapse of the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War, $tates in the south enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of slavery. Furthermore, northern, non~slave holding states enacted laws to limit the [emailprotected] political power and social mobility. For example~ in 1804, Ohio enacted Iaws prohibitin black people from immigrating into states. In 1813, the State of lllinois enacted a law banning free BIacks outright from immigrating into the $tate. Black Codes adopted after the Civil War borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. Some Black Codes incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Back Code labor laws. For example, in Texas, a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers, his agents, or his family members. Borrowing from the Ohio and Illinois codes, Arkansas enacted an ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. In the end, the Black Codes were largely extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow laws and social segregation among whites and blacks. For example, Arkansas passed a law prohibiting black children from 1attending school with children. The Texas legislature enacted a law requiring railroad companies to set aside a passenger car for black passengers. While each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of Black Codes, all of them shared certain features. First, they defined the term person of color. Second, they prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. Third, they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. Fourth, they mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices. Fifth, they mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. Sixth, they prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. All of the Black Codes defined what it meant to be a â€Å"person of color. † However, these definitions were far from consistent. The Virginia legislature decreed that any person with onefourth Negro blood in their veins was a person of color. Georgia set the limit at one-eighth. Still yet, the Tennessee legislature declared anyone having any Negro blood at all made an individual a person of color. The leaders of the ex-Confederacy made no qualms about their desire to keep blacks out of the political process. To this end, all of the ex-Confederate states prevented blacks from voting, holding political office, or serving in the state militias. This view had some measure of support in the North. In an article appearing in the New York Times, an author wrote, â€Å"The denial of suffrage to the freedmen, we believe, cannot be made a bar to admission of the Southern representatives, for the reason is that it is no real denial of justice. No man, white or black, has title to a civil power which he has not the intelligence to exercise. † The Black Codes also prohibited blacks from serving in state militias. A principle reasons for these laws was probably a concern for insurrections and armed violence. However, a 2corollary concern was that the presence of armed black soldiers encouraged undesirable attitudes in blacks. For example, in Florida, the state legislature drafted resolution requesting that black Union Army troops be withdrawn from their lands because their presence alarmed whites and encouraged insubordination among blacks. Florida also passed laws prohibiting blacks from carry fire-arms or weapons. If blacks wanted to own a gun, these laws often required blacks to obtain a license from the county judge and to have witnesses, usually white, vouch for their nonviolent temperament. The vagrancy statutes were particularly harsh on freed blacks. While these statutes did not specifically target blacks in their language, they were predominately applied to blacks because of their impoverished condition. In general, vagrancy statutes stipulated that any person a law enforcement officer or judge deemed to be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a vagrant. It was easy to arrest blacks for violating vagrancy laws because the freed blacks lacked wealth and land owning to their previous condition of servitude, and to a lesser extent because the federal government reneged on its promise to deliver forty acres and a mule to 40,000 freed slaves. Once arrested and convicted of vagrancy, a person would be forced into conditions nearly identical to slavery. They were either hired out to private individuals or forced to work public projects. They were not paid for their labor. In Florida, disobedience, tardiness, or running away could be punished by imprisonment, standing in the pillory or stockade, or flogging. Punishment by flogging usually consisted of receiving 39 lashes, a number frequently used when flogging slaves. Apprentice statutes functioned along with vagrancy statutes to ensure a steady supply of inexpensive labor. Under apprentice laws, minors of poor parents, or parents deemed to be 3vagrants, could be taken as wards of the court and bound out to a master for varying lengths of time. Males were usually bound until the age of twenty-one, females until the age of eighteen. Apprentices frequently had no choice in the trade they would be required to learn, however, masters were required to teach the apprentice a trade, provide for the apprentice’s living expenses, and provide the apprentice with a basic elementary level education. Some states even required the master to provide the apprentice with a monetary gift when the apprenticeship expired. Apprentices who violated apprentice laws by running away being disobedient to their master could be imprisoned, flogged, or forced to pay damages. The regulation of labor contracts with blacks was another hallmark of the Black Codes. In article appearing in a popular magazine of the time, a Southern author wrote of black people, â€Å"We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers. † Under the Black Code labor regime, blacks were free to work for any one they chose, but they were required to sign contracts that bound them to the employer at least a year. Once the contract was signed, blacks could not get out of the contract unless a court first declared the master violated the contract first. This deprived blacks of the opportunity to accept better paying jobs if they arose, and insured landowners had a steady supply of cheap labor. Punishment for blacks who broke their labor contracts included payment of damages, imprisonment. In states like Florida, it also included standing in the stockade or floggings. In Florida, behavior that constituted a breach of the contract included laziness, failure to appear for work, using offensive language with the employer, or running away. Most of the slave codes also made it a criminal offense for anyone to entice or encourage a black laborer to break an existing labor contract. Criminal laws also played an important aspect in the Black Codes. To varying degrees, ex-Confederate states passed criminal laws that prohibited petty that blacks were more likely to commit due to their immediate condition. For example, the Louisiana Penal Codes specifically criminalized trespassing on plantations. Because free blacks often had no place to live other than on their previous master’s plantation, they were more likely to be arrested under these statutes. Penal Codes also specifically targeted blacks by inflicting harsher punishments for some crimes than whites convicted of the same crime. Unequal punishment was important for keeping blacks in a condition of servitude. For example, a North Carolina statute made it a capital offense for a black person to assault a white woman with intent to rape. Finally, the Black Codes uniformly prohibited interracial marriages between blacks and whites. For example, in Texas anti-interracial marriage laws called for the punishment of both spouses with a fine, imprisonment or both. It was a criminal offense, as it was in Georgia, for anyone to knowingly marry a white and black person. And frequently county clerks were required to record marriages of blacks and whites in separate registries. Conversely, the Black Codes also uniformly recognized black marriages and the legitimacy of children born to black parents. However, many Black Codes made it a criminal offense under adultery and fornication laws for blacks to live together without getting married or registering as a married couple with the county clerk. These statutes were frequently applied to blacks living in rural areas who were living together as result of their impoverished condition.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers fc

The History Behind To Kill A Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nelle Harper Lee’s novel To Kill A Mockingbird has been considered one of the classic works of American literature. To Kill A Mockingbird is the work ever published by Nelle Harper Lee, and it brought her great fame. However, Nelle Harper Lee has published several other articles in popular magazines. Nelle Harper Lee is not an individual who desires to be in the light and little is known about her personal life. At the time it is believed she is possible working on her memoirs. The fictional work of To Kill A Mockingbird plots many elements close to real events in America’s struggle over civil rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scout Finch is the narrator in Lee’s work To Kill A Mockingbird, and the two share many similarities in real life. They both grew up in the 1930 in Alabama towns. Lee’s father was Amasa Lee â€Å"attorney who served in the state legislature in Alabama† (Johnson). Atticus Finch who is Scout’s father was also an attorney and served on the state legislature. They both had an older brother and a young neighbor playmate. Lee’s was Truman Capote and Scouts was Dill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Lee was six years old one of the nations most notorious trials was taking place, the Scottsboro Trials. â€Å"On March 25, 1931, a freight train was stopped in Paint Rock, a tiny community in Northern Alabama, and nine young African American men who had been riding the rails were arrested† (Johnson). â€Å"Two white women on the train,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 in an apparent effort to avoid prostitution charges, claimed that they had been raped by the black youths and these accusations nearly led to a lynching in Scottsboro, where the youths had been jailed† (Jones Ross). The trails and appeals of these youth gained national attention throughout the 1930’s and, at one point, all but one of the young men was sentenced to death in the Alabama electric chair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In To Kill A Mockingbird Lee tells the story of a Mr. Tom Robinson who is an African American who is being charged with rape against a white women. Atticus is the lawyer who must defend Robinson in court. In the Scottsboro case a central figure was a heroic judge who overturned a guilty verdict against the young men. The judge went against the public in trying to protect the rights of the African American men. In reading the novel you learn that Atticus arouses anger in the small community when he tries to defend Robinson.

Market Growth of Imported Wine in China

Market Growth of Imported Wine in China By Yuki Mabuchi Brief Introduction With rapid growth of Chinese GDP over the past few years, China is now the world's fastest growing wine consumption market and yet still has huge potential as a market growth. Since Wine drinking is considered a healthier alternative to spirits and somewhat trendy, red wine is particularly popular in China. However, 90% of the wine consumed in China is still produced locally, and it is marketed as low price wines.Therefore, it is impossible for imported wines to compete with Chinese wines on the price. Each imported wine company are challenged to find their differentiation and own marketing tools. Even though market percentage for imported wines is 10%, the prospects for continued growth are huge because of the rapid increase in wealth and increasing urbanization of the population. The main topic for my research is to analyze market growth of imported wines in China followed by Chinese WTO regulations.The rese arch estimates the impact of market growth according to import tariff rate which declined to 14% since China joined WTO. In addition, all imported wines are subject to a range of additional taxes, duties or fees, such as liquor tax, education tax, value-added taxes and consumption taxes. These taxes, duties and fees are taken into account in the analysis which estimates the impact of a tariff reduction on the retail price of imported wines in China.The research will show statistic analysis of imported wine market from different countries different point of view. Furthermore, the research will concentrate to a specific country such as Australia and New Zealand. In the past five years, Australia has been gradually gaining market share of bottled wines from traditional market leaders including France, Italy and Spain. However, since a zero tariff has been applied to Australia’s neighbor country New Zealand, going forward with Australian wine industry will face challenges.The cas e study will demonstrate the challenges posed by import tariffs on the Australian wines sector by comparing New Zealand wine market in China. Outline Arrangement of every section; I. Introduction * Explain why this topic is interesting which is to study market structure of imported wines from different countries and their competition and challenges for having tariffs and taxes in China. * Explain how I will distribute this research which will include statistics of imported wine products or company in China and graph of market growth.II. Literature review * Development of imported wine market since China joined WT? ?. WTO Regulatory Overview 1. Import Tariff on wine 2. Import duty and taxes 3. Labeling Regulations 4. Intellectual Property IV. Market Overview 1. China wine market size 2. Consumer profiles 3. Distribution Channels * Economic analysis of how import duties affect price on the imported wine. * Statistic analysis by different country’s wine distribution V. Australia n wine VS New Zealand wine * Introduction of Australian and New Zealand wine Statistic analysis on both market in China * The impact of trade size after zero tariff on New Zealand * Challenge of Australian wine VI. Conclusion * Prediction of market growth for imported wine in the future. * Challenge of future achievement and fight between local produced Schedule of my thesis Plan to finish in 4 months period * December/January – Find as many materials as possible and group all the materials by section and take memos * January / February – Write thesis * March / April – Finalize thesis w = 1 * ROMAN Iith supervisor

Human Dignity And The Inalienable Rights Of Every Person

When Europeans began to colonize the New World at the end of the 15th century, they were well aware of the institution of slavery. Slavery has been a part of human society since its beginning and it continues to increase today. This kind of activities continues to growth in today’s society in different forms every country in the world. Mostly women are forced to practice prostitution, children and adults may be required to work in farming or factories producing goods for global corporate companies, sometimes all the members of the family are required to work without receiving pay and they continue being in debt; or young girls are obligated to get married with older men, these illegal practices still exist in our contemporary world. For more than two centuries, the United States has worked to advance the cause of freedom. Still, our society remains imperfect, and our people have more work to do to maintain these values. At home and around the globe, we must continue to fight f or human dignity and the inalienable rights of every person. In the past Sexual trafficking became a growing issue in the United States of America as well as in developing countries around the globe. In the United States of America inheritance of slavery exists from the early seventeenth century. On the other hand, the period of American slavery started from the fourteenth century, while the rich empires from Spain and Portugal started to take into custody Africans for enslavement in Europe. WhenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Cloning and the Value of Human Life1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning and the Value of Human Life To recognize the value of human life, from conception until its natural end, is an achievement of civilization to be safeguarded as a primary good of the person and of society. 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Simple Rules A Successful Within Project Management

Simple Rules 1.0 Introduction Simple Rules are guidelines to follow to be successful within project management. Having Simple Rules can give the venture a more noteworthy shot of succeeding. 1.1 10 Simples Rules These are ten of the best principles to take after inside venture administration: 1. Be Agile Customary venture administration procedures are turned out to be excessively inflexible, bureaucratic, and tedious for now s dynamic business condition. Truth be told, these philosophies can conflict with IT divisions. Today, you must react with deftness to rising issues and changes. The formal documentation and procedures required in conventional venture administration can burden you. 2. Don t Micromanage The perfect venture†¦show more content†¦General updates, gatherings, and subsequent meet-ups are basic. 6. 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Turkey A Middle Eastern Country South Of The...

YU Jia ECO 315 12/2/2014 Turkey Turkey is a Middle Eastern country south of the Mediterranean Sea and west to the Aegean Sea. Turkey main religion is Sunni Muslim with a minority of Sufi Muslims with Christians, Jews and other religions only making up about 0.2 percent of the total population. Turkey is a relatively small country compared to the United States or China with the population of 74 million in 2013 (The World Fact book) In the last 15 years Turkey has made huge leaps and bounds to improve their economy and become a more economy independent country. Turkey as we know today was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by Mustafa Kemal (â€Å"Father of the Turks†). In the 1950’s†¦show more content†¦As talk about before Turkey is mostly a Muslim country which means building business relationships with them will require special practice. Many people say that Turkey combines European and Middle East traditions when it comes to the business culture of their country. Turkey like many free markets as a well developed family owned business market. The mom and pop business is important to many counties with a free market because it helps to give competition to other larger companies helping keep prices lower and better quality for the people. And always keep in mind that as a Muslim country Friday is a holy day for Muslims to visit the temple and pray, so don’t try to get any business done on a Friday. Also keep in mind other holy holidays such as Ramadan which is a month long and is a important holy day. This does impact how Turkey works with foreign business, as a country they have done good to not let regions holidays and other holy things get in their way of business growth. Other cultural differences would be when negotiation deals don’t just talk about profit but talk about power, respect, and recognition of that company. These things are all important to all companies but are even more important to a Turke y company. The government of Turkey has played a huge role in the country economic success, in the last ten years the government has made many reforms that

Business Research Design Health Care Decision Making

Question: 1: Research design This particular study used a cross-sectional design. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a cross-sectional design in this research? Suppose they were to extend this study to become a longitudinal design, what are some of the issues that should be addressed? 2: Self-completed questionnaire In this study a Self-completed questionnaire was created and send out to the respondents. Discuss some of the problems and limitations of Self-completed questionnaires that would have to be addressed in this study 3: Secondary data In any quantitative study we want to believe that the sample selected is a representative sample of the true population. One of the methods to check representativeness is to use Secondary Data. What secondary dataset can be used to check the representativeness of the sample and how can it be used? 4: Sample size The sample size for this study is fifteen thousand employees selected from a total of sixty-nine thousand bank employees (about 21% of the employees). What factors should be considered in decision on sample size? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a sample of this size. 5: Sampling method To find the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction at employee individual level, this study randomly selected from employees from each of the banks. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current sampling method? What are your suggestions to improve the sampling methods? Answer: Introduction The case study highlights the job satisfaction of the employees working in the banking industry with special focus on Belgian banks. The theoretical framework carried forward in the research is quantitative in nature. However, the research consortium was selected based on cross sectional design, self-completed questionnaires which were send out to respondents, with a sample size of 15,000 selected from 69,000 respondents using random sampling method. Conversely, the design, approach, sampling as well as data collection method followed needs to be reviewed in the study based on the questions below. 1: Cross sectional design used in the study is to evaluate the subset of the employees working in Belgian banks. The population considered for the study was 69,000 but due to the inefficiency of questioning all the employees, the study had taken on a fixed sample of 15,000 employees, which considered 21% of the sample. The cross sectional study is undertaken because of following reasons because it is an observational study that not only collects data from the study population of Belgian banks at a single point but also examines the impact of job characteristics on stress and wellbeing. Secondly, the researcher has adopted this research to study the prolonged effect of job characteristics resulting in stress as well as wellbeing. However, this cross sectional study is analytical in nature because it is studying the association between variables to draw valid conclusions from the result. The possible advantages undertaken in the study constitute that the study is less costly as it is a representative of the population rather smaller sub population. Moreover, it is preferably good for both analytical as well as descriptive analysis as in the case study stated. In addition, it is termed to be good for generating hypothesis as well. On the other hand, the possible disadvantages can be stated to be susceptible to biasness as well as the risk of validation with adherence to less reliability (OSullivan, 2015). Secondly, it does not relate to causation but only associations whether the two variables wellbeing and stress are related to job characteristics or not. Thirdly, the differences seen can be also due to effects of time or age depending on how much time it takes to collect the study and perform the results (Pedersen et al., 2016). Fourthly, it is unequally distributed between groups as from 69,000 population, 15,000 have been selected but the sample does not represent equal numbers of employees from different Belgian banks. Lastly, there is existence of variability in inter-subject because stress is a negative concept whereas well-being is positive concept as they are not segregated in carrying out results. Nonetheless, if the study is extended to longitudinal study then there are certain issues that needs to be considered. Firstly, longitudinal study requires a lot of time because it has embarked on equally long periods to collect the data (Gelman et al., 2014). Secondly, the risk gathering data cannot be considered 100 percent reliable because observation periods are not taken into account. Moreover, there is a probability that respondents can change their answers to better suit the objective of the observer. Thirdly, there will be risk in panel attrition where there is a high possibility that the respondents/ subjects would no longer be able to participate because of refusal of contact details, death and incapacity (Twisk 2013). Fourthly, they need to have large sample size, in this case it might be considering whole of the sample for instance and lastly, it can be considerable more expensive than cross sectional studies. 2: Self-completed questionnaires and structured interview are more or less similar methods that are used in social research (Butler et al., 2013). The following problems as well as disadvantages in self-completed questionnaires can be discussed with reference to the recent case study enlisted that the respondents are liable to answer the questions based on their understanding, as there is no interviewer or researcher to help the respondents. Moreover, if the questionnaire remains incomplete then the study might be affected (Bryman, 2015). Moreover, the researcher would not be able to complete additional data, as it will not be feasible based on postal questionnaires. The other problem that can be highlighted is that the data can be missed at important variables because respondents depending on their comfortableness will answer some questions and leave out the rest (Britt, 2014). Although, the questionnaire is sent by post, it cannot be justified whether the right respondents from Belgian bank is answering the questionnaire or but if not right respondents then the questionnaire can be delegated to a junior officer if sent in an organization or to another family member if sent at home. However, it is impossible to have any control over the intrusion of non-respondents. The major issues considered is the low response rates that is most threatening as well as damaging limitation because lower the response rate, more questions would be raised representing the sample (Williams, 2014). This is likely to be an issue of randomly selected sample because as seen in the case study only 15,000 employees have been taken from 69,000 employees of Belgian Banks such that number of employees from one Belgian Bank will differ from the other. Moreover, then there is likeliness of biasness in the data. However, if the rate of response is less than 50% then the risk of bias will be greater on the findings, which can lead to further variability. Moreover, the further suggestion that could be made is that the researcher could have mixed self-administered questionnaire with telephonic or face-to-face interview wherever possible. This could have been done based on two parts such that general part of the survey could have been constituted to questionnaires whereas the spec ific part could have carried forward using telephonic or face-to-face interview, which could have majorly solved the issue of response rates (Bryman, 2015). 3: Secondary Data analysis is the data collected by a third party that are examined to answer a research question other than the research question that was selected based on the initial collection of the data set. However, secondary data analysis is an empirical analysis that carries those studies utilizing the primary data and the further the steps followed in the research method (Bryman Bell, 2015). Moreover, secondary data analysis is not only considered a viable method in the process of inquiry but also follows a systematic process before carrying out the results (Thomas, Silverman Nelson, 2015). On the other hand, secondary data analysis is a flexible as well as validated as the research remains to be under-used technique in many fields. Moreover, the area of investigations highlights the way the researcher collects the data from other source, analyzes as well as interprets the data in the study. However, the importance lies when according to research questions, the data is identified and through evaluation is performed (Johnston, 2014). The data set can be identified based on the supportive research question as well as supported literature that instills the data to be collected. The data is mostly collected from large government funded datasets, school records, journals, college records as well as different authors websites. Conversely, after collecting the data set from different sources evaluation is performed in which the research is able to evaluate its initial requirements of the research followed by appropriateness of the research topic (Stangor, 2014). The secondary data analysis constitutes to have benefits like saving time and money because there is international access to cross-historical data that would take years to complete. Secondly, the data extracted from other sources can be of high quality because studies funded by government involve larger samples. Thirdly, the data sets accompany many variables enabling validity of the study (Fowler Jr, 2013). According to Richey Kelvin (2014), there are following methods that can be enlisted in ensuring appropriate match of a dataset as well as congruency, representativeness, quality of the primary study and the resulting dataset are given as the following. Firstly, to evaluate the purpose of the study with the dataset. Secondly, to ensure the questionnaire is written so that the comparison can be made with the survey. Thirdly, the information of the period depends on the actual dataset collected whether weighed, discarded or used the dataset, as it is (Zhang et al., 2014). 4: The consequential research undertaken for determining the sample size studies the statistics that drive sample size decisions (Berger et al., 2014). However, there are certain factors that needs to be determined before evaluating the study. They are level of precision, confidence level and degree of variability. The degree of precision decides that how close an estimate is to the actual population characteristics. It can be often termed as sampling error. However, according to Lemy Lemeshow (2013), the desired precision enables the number of errors that can be accepted in the proposed sample. It relies on upon the measure of risk an analyst is willing to acknowledge while utilizing the data to decide. It is frequently stated in percentage. The confidence level is ascertained from the normal distribution probability model (Haberman, 2014). The model can be given as: Moreover, if the sample statistics is drawn more from population then it tend to deviate from the population parameter. When the sample size is large, that is above 30 then the distributionis normal distribution. However, sample estimate is a true estimate for population parameter. Nevertheless, the confidence level depicts the level at which the error toleration in the sample statistic does not go beyond the specification of planned precision. For example if the population parameter needs to analyze on 95% confidence level then it can be said that 95 out of 100 sample will evaluate the precision set by the researcher. The degree of variability attributes on the distribution of the population such that more varied a population, larger sample will be needed whereas less population, smaller samples will be worked on (Wolf et al., 2013). However, when it comes to analysis, 50% depicts a larger variability because proportion of 0.5 will be determined more often in conservative sample size. The advantages of the case study is that the sample size being 15,000 samples depict 21% of the sample, which depict less variability as the sample size under taken is of the same distribution of population that is Belgian banks. Moreover, the anticipated sample proportion undertaken is 20%, which comes under absolute sample precisions undertaken on true value rather on population parameter (Feder Pfeffermann, 2015) The main disadvantage of the case study is that the number of sample is not evenly distributed based on the number of employees from each Belgian bank. However, the result may be correct for the whole population but not when analyzed on individual sample from each Belgian bank. However, it is recommended that the data set should be followed based on the factors mentioned above such that not the conventional rather the practical response rate is followed that constitutes the response rate of 30% that can be term to be effectual in answering responses. Moreover, it is required a proportion of employees are taken from each Belgian bank to validate the study more efficiently and effectively (De Vaus, 2013). 5: Sampling method is advocated in every research to study the sample from the given population. The sampling methods helps in determining the closeness of a sample to the population (Singh Mangat, 2013). The sampling method undertaken in the given case study is simple random sampling method. However, according to the case study, the advantages can be large sample, which proves to be beneficial for the research. It did not require any additional information like gender, age, etc. as it was based on employees of Belgian banks and it is highly representative of the sample. The possible disadvantages on current sampling lead to poor presentation of the parent population because the study area is large. Moreover, it is costly as well as time consuming (Blair, Czaja, Blair, 2013). The suggestions that can be provided on the current sampling method is that the sampling method that needs to be followed is stratified random sampling method in a way the sample could have divided in sub-groups (Fowler Jr, 2013). This would be emphasizing on different employees from different Belgian banks and not as a total. However, this can make the study more representative of the population. Moreover, sample within the strata will be homogeneous but heterogeneous across the strata of samples (Bornstein, Jager Putnick, 2013). References Berger, M. L., Martin, B. C., Husereau, D., Worley, K., Allen, J. 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